Cambridge 2 Reading Test 1 - Answers With Explanation

1. The island "with a total area of 1248 hectares" being created in the Pearl River delta is Chek Lap Kok, so the over-1000-hectare size applies to it alone — A.

2. That same 1248-hectare island "is being created" in "China's Pearl River delta" — this describes Chek Lap Kok, not Kansai — A.

3. Kansai "was supposed to be built just one kilometre offshore", but after protests "the site was shifted a further five kilometres", putting it "in deeper water" out at sea — B.

4. Both are man-made islands created through land reclamation: Kansai is "built in Osaka Bay" and Chek Lap Kok is "the new island... the site of Hong Kong's new airport" — C.

5. "Kansai took the first approach" of engineering around the settlement problem with conventional reclamation, where "sand was driven into the seabed to strengthen it... before the landfill was piled on top" — B.

6. "Most of the rock will become the foundations for the airport's runways and its taxiways."

7. "Most of the terminal buildings will be placed above the site of the existing island."

8. "Sand was dredged from the waters" and "piled on top of the layer of stiff clay", forming the upper layer in the diagram.

9. The sand sits on "the layer of stiff clay that the massive dredging had laid bare", the layer just beneath it.

10–11. "The brunt of a typhoon will be deflected by the neighbouring island of Lantau; the sea walls should guard against the rest."

12. The threat is "the downpours of the summer monsoon", i.e. rainfall, which washes sand into the rock voids and causes further settlement.

13. "A mat-like material called geotextile is being laid across the island... that will stop sand particles from being washed into the rock voids."

14. Paragraph B says health was "defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms" — the medical definition of health, heading viii.

15. Paragraph C reports the WHO view that health "is not merely the absence of disease" and that "health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit)" — heading ii.

16. Paragraph D describes how "this individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some" — heading iv.

17. Paragraph E names "this broad approach to health" as "the socio-ecological view of health" — heading ix.

18. Paragraph F states "this charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today" — heading vii.

19. The WHO's holistic definition of health is dated "(WHO, 1946)" in the passage.

20. "This individualistic healthy lifestyles approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society)."

21. "Health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live."

22. "The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasising the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual."

23. The medical-era paragraph mentions "providing clean water, improved sanitation and housing" but never credits doctors specifically with these improvements — NOT GIVEN.

24. "Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours" — YES.

25. The socio-ecological view actually marks "a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health", not an endorsement of lifestyle and medical care as the critical factors — NO.

26. The Ottawa Charter "remains as the backbone of health action today", not something considered outdated — NO.

27. The passage states "people from 38 countries" agreed to the Charter in 1986 but never mentions further countries joining since — NOT GIVEN.

28. The passage opens by calling him "one of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull" — CH.

29. "We learn, from another psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers' task either" — MC.

30. "Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently coloured match-boxes, one of which contained a key" — no marbles involved — MC.

31. Hewson's changes "produced a jump in success rates from 30 per cent to 90 per cent for five-year-olds and from 35 per cent to 72.5 per cent for four-year-olds" — SH.

32. "Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers" — SH.

33. Cole's task meant "the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects" — MC.

34. The passage notes that changed apparatus let "five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college students did in the Kendlers' own experiments", implying the Kendlers had tested college students on the same apparatus — HTK.

35. The conclusion that "this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning" follows directly from Hewson's findings — SH.

36. The passage only calls them "two followers of Clark Hull"; it never says they studied under him directly — NOT GIVEN.

37. "The children were trained on each stage separately" and "they did not for the most part 'integrate'" the two actions — YES.

38. Once the apparatus was made familiar to the African adults, "the difficulty of 'integration' is greatly reduced", showing performance depends on the apparatus and procedure — YES.

39. The point of the exercise was that "any other marble of similar size will do just as well", and Hewson "made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear" precisely because they were the same size — YES.

40. "For three-year-olds... no improvement — rather a slight drop in performance — resulted from the change", so the gain was not seen across every age group — NO.