Cambridge 10 Reading Test 3 - Answers With Explanation

1. Paragraph B: "tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon" and traces its rise through cheap transport and jet aircraft — the development of mass tourism.

2. Paragraph C gives the economic figures ($3.5 trillion output, 130 million jobs) and notes the "educative effect of travel" on society — economic and social significance.

3. Paragraph D: "the diversity and fragmentation of the industry" mean "the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated" — difficulty recognising its economic effects.

4. Paragraph E: tourism is "the largest commodity in international trade for many nations" and the top employer in a dozen countries — the world impact of tourism.

5. "The travel and tourism industry is the world's largest employer with almost 130 million jobs" — TRUE.

6. The passage gives a global GNP figure but never mentions Australia specifically — NOT GIVEN.

7. The passage mentions the "educative effect of travel" but never specifically credits recreation for tourism's social impact — NOT GIVEN.

8. "The major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden... its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself" — exactly two features — TRUE.

9. The passage never compares visitor spending to resident spending in general terms — NOT GIVEN.

10. "It is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation" — the opposite of easy — FALSE.

11. "Tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries."

12. The industry is "the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France... Jamaica, Japan."

13. "Similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism."

14. Paragraph C: "The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments" — describes the substance itself.

15. Paragraph B explains: "Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree" — chlorophyll's function.

16. Paragraph H gives the supporting evidence: "the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun" and "the best conditions... are dry, sunny days and cool nights."

17. Paragraph B also explains why trees drop leaves: rather than "maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them."

18. Paragraph E: red colours might "convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy... prompted to lay their eggs on a duller... host" — a warning signal.

19. "The leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun."

20. "The red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf."

21. "The best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights."

22. "Trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere."

23. Theories that anthocyanins "increase a leaf's tolerance to freezing" are raised but then said to have "problems" — FALSE, it's not established.

24. "It sounds paradoxical... the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll... from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world's supreme light absorber?" — TRUE, it does seem to contradict what we know about chlorophyll at first.

25. The passage never compares the sun-vulnerability of yellow/orange leaves to red ones — NOT GIVEN.

26. The writer explains: "this unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange" — matches option B.

27. "An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave."

28. The passage opens by calling this "an important archaeological discovery."

29. The Lapita "carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools" — animals.

30. "A Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim" was among the finds.

31. Spriggs: "It's an important discovery... for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita" — the urn confirms the bones inside.

32. "No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging" and oral traditions "turn into myths long before they reach as far back... as the Lapita" — little reliable information exists.

33. "The real adventure didn't begin... until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side" — sailing beyond visible land.

34. "They could sail out for days into the unknown... secure in the knowledge that if they didn't find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds" — 'This' refers to their belief they could return home.

35. "Vanuatu... its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home" — the geography acted as a navigational aid.

36. Anderson states: "there's no proof they could do any such thing" (sail against the wind) — NO, it is not clear.

37. "El Niño... may have helped scatter the Lapita" — YES.

38. The passage never says the Lapita could predict how long El Niños would last — NOT GIVEN.

39. "The Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them" — YES, it remains unclear.

40. The passage says they encountered "more than 300 [islands] in Fiji alone," but never claims most Lapita settled there — NOT GIVEN.