Cambridge 5 Reading Test 4 - Answers With Explanation

1. Section A explains why wilderness regions are fragile and why tourism is expanding into them ("little or no initial investment", hard currency for poor governments) — iii.

2. Section B covers declining farm output, growing dependence on bought food, deforestation and water strain — disruptive effects of tourism, v.

3. Section C describes communities integrating tourism with the local economy and taking control of tourism ventures — balancing local needs with tourism's demands, ii.

4. "Wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment", which is why "countries all across the world are actively promoting" it — YES.

5. The three most fragile environment types "in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants" are "deserts, mountains and Arctic areas" — YES.

6. Fragile regions have "marked seasonality", so "most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year" — not year-round, NO.

7. "In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output" as farmers turn to tourism work — YES.

8. Desert survival "traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season" — not evenly spread, NO.

9. The passage says tourism, wage labour, or government handouts can all undermine traditional systems, but never compares which does more damage — NOT GIVEN.

10. "There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production" in the Swiss Pays d'Enhaut.

11. "Some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves", such as the Alaskan air tour.

12. "The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses."

13. "Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery."

14. Waldron "insists that cases are few and far between. 'It's a very rare phenomenon,' he says" — G.

15. Ford "believes the reason is simple: 'No one wants bad publicity'" — implying failures are under-reported, A.

16. Dodd cites "the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions... 27 years old" — the most extreme delayed case, H.

17. Barry "analysed every glass pane in the building", photographing and scanning each one for crystals — C.

18. Toughened glass "shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards" — fragments are less sharp, F.

19. "The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable... without warning" — it can shatter unexpectedly, I.

20. Manufacturing involves "cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air" — quickly, C.

21. "This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior" — K.

22. Heat from sunlight speeds up crystal expansion, so failure is more likely when the weather is warm — E.

23. Experts disagree sharply on how often failures occur ("few and far between" vs. "only the tip of the iceberg") — the frequency is disputed, L.

24. Pilkington's experts found the nickel sulphide cause "almost certainly" — a confident, largely undisputed conclusion, TRUE.

25. The passage never compares the appearance of toughened and ordinary glass — NOT GIVEN.

26. "Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find" — the opposite of plentiful documented evidence, FALSE.

27. "The amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon [photoperiodism] is considerable" — TRUE.

28. "Some species' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially" — TRUE.

29. The passage discusses temperate, desert and Arctic examples but never claims photoperiodism is geographically restricted — NOT GIVEN.

30. "Desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length" — they are day-neutral, not long-day, FALSE.

31. Bamboos "remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die" — once only, FALSE.

32. "The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known" — TRUE.

33. "Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates", and "eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant" — so it grows slowly, FALSE.

34. "In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily" — a more reliable cue than temperature.

35. "Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants."

36. Birds use "increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured."

37. "Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects."

38. "Desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs."

39. "Others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises."

40. Shade tolerance splits plants into two groups, "a classification... commonly used in forestry and horticulture."